The remaining nine did not complete the study because they lived too far away (n = 2), experienced wound complications (n = 1), or data was missing and they could not be reached (n = 6). Participants were
recruited from one plastic surgeon to control variables related to the surgeon’s techniques and preferences. All patients
having a free or pedicled, immediate or delayed, or pedicle or bipedicle TRAM flap breast reconstruction were eligible. Patients were included if they read and spoke English. Patients were excluded if they were unable to be evaluated prior to surgery by a physical or occupational therapist.