The writer of achievement test items is confronted with two major problems, as
Lindquist pointed out nearly half a century ago (Lindquist,
1936, p. 17) . The
first
of these is the problem of what to measure. The second is how to measure it.
The solution proposed for the first problem
is to focus primarily on testing for
knowledge and only secondarily on testing for abi liti es. Cognitive abilities,
it is
reasonable to believe, depend entirely on knowledge. Although the term knowl
edge,
as commonly used, includes both information and understanding, the most
useful kind
of knowledge, the kind that will occupy our attention almost ex
clusively, is that which involves understanding. Understood knowledge
is a
structure
of relations among concepts. To understand is to be aware of relation
ships. Each
of these relationships can be expressed in words as a proposition.
The writer of achievement test items is confronted with two major problems, as
Lindquist pointed out nearly half a century ago (Lindquist,
1936, p. 17) . The
first
of these is the problem of what to measure. The second is how to measure it.
The solution proposed for the first problem
is to focus primarily on testing for
knowledge and only secondarily on testing for abi liti es. Cognitive abilities,
it is
reasonable to believe, depend entirely on knowledge. Although the term knowl
edge,
as commonly used, includes both information and understanding, the most
useful kind
of knowledge, the kind that will occupy our attention almost ex
clusively, is that which involves understanding. Understood knowledge
is a
structure
of relations among concepts. To understand is to be aware of relation
ships. Each
of these relationships can be expressed in words as a proposition.
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