n this study, 72% the participants with CKD had vitamin K intake lower than the recommended adequate intakes. The mean dietary vitamin K intake in the CKD patients in this study was 97.5 µg/day, which is lower than vitamin K intake in the general population. For example, the mean (±SD) phylloquinone intake was 153 ± 115 and 171 ± 103 μg/day in male and female participants of the Framingham study.22 Nevertheless, participants with vitamin K intake higher than the adequate intake levels for vitamin K had a 15% lower risk of all-cause mortality and 22% lower risk of CVD mortality. Our study suggested that adequate vitamin K intake may be important in reducing all-cause and CVD mortality in CKD patients.