These low-molecular-weight organic acids are important
in Al detoxification by forming Al-organic acid complexes
in the cytosol or at the root-soil interface
(see reviews, Kochian et al. 2004; 2005). Kidd et al.
(2001) reported that silicon-treated maize plants release
fifteen times more phenolic compounds (i.e., catechin
and quercetin) than untreated maize plants. These
flavonoid-type phenols, which were produced in addition
to oxalic secretion, also showed strong Al-chelating
activity and could potentially detoxify Al.
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.), which have been
widely reported to accumulate Al, grow well in highly
acidic soils (optimal pH is 4 to 5) containing high levels
of Al3þ (Konishi et al. 1985). Tea plants take up Al
during growth (Chenery 1955), and old leaves have been
found to contain up to 30,000 mg Al kg1 of mass on a
dry weight basis (Matsumoto et al. 1976). Despite these
high Al concentrations, tea plants do not exhibit Al
toxicity, which suggests that the detoxification of Al in
tea plants occurs internally and/or externally. Several
studies examining the Al tolerance mechanisms employed
by tea plants have been undertaken to date. Nagata et al.
(1991, 1992) found that Al occurred primarily as Alcatechin
complexes in tea leaves, and we previously
reported the existence of Al-citrate (Morita et al. 2004)
and Al-oxalate (Morita et al. 2008) complexes in the
xylem sap and roots of tea plants, respectively.
Nonetheless, the mechanisms of Al detoxification by
tea plants are still poorly understood. In this experiment,
we examined the roles of organic acids and phenolics in
these mechanisms by analyzing the secretion of organic
acids and phenolic compounds from roots under sterile
conditions. Caffeine exudation from the tea plant roots
was observed in the medium containing Al. Then we
discussed several hypotheses for the caffeine exudation
and the role of organic acids in Al tolerance of tea plants.
These low-molecular-weight organic acids are important
in Al detoxification by forming Al-organic acid complexes
in the cytosol or at the root-soil interface
(see reviews, Kochian et al. 2004; 2005). Kidd et al.
(2001) reported that silicon-treated maize plants release
fifteen times more phenolic compounds (i.e., catechin
and quercetin) than untreated maize plants. These
flavonoid-type phenols, which were produced in addition
to oxalic secretion, also showed strong Al-chelating
activity and could potentially detoxify Al.
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.), which have been
widely reported to accumulate Al, grow well in highly
acidic soils (optimal pH is 4 to 5) containing high levels
of Al3þ (Konishi et al. 1985). Tea plants take up Al
during growth (Chenery 1955), and old leaves have been
found to contain up to 30,000 mg Al kg1 of mass on a
dry weight basis (Matsumoto et al. 1976). Despite these
high Al concentrations, tea plants do not exhibit Al
toxicity, which suggests that the detoxification of Al in
tea plants occurs internally and/or externally. Several
studies examining the Al tolerance mechanisms employed
by tea plants have been undertaken to date. Nagata et al.
(1991, 1992) found that Al occurred primarily as Alcatechin
complexes in tea leaves, and we previously
reported the existence of Al-citrate (Morita et al. 2004)
and Al-oxalate (Morita et al. 2008) complexes in the
xylem sap and roots of tea plants, respectively.
Nonetheless, the mechanisms of Al detoxification by
tea plants are still poorly understood. In this experiment,
we examined the roles of organic acids and phenolics in
these mechanisms by analyzing the secretion of organic
acids and phenolic compounds from roots under sterile
conditions. Caffeine exudation from the tea plant roots
was observed in the medium containing Al. Then we
discussed several hypotheses for the caffeine exudation
and the role of organic acids in Al tolerance of tea plants.
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