For example, at the 5.0 t/ha mulch rate, RC reduced runoff and soil loss by about 47.5% and 62.9%, respectively, compared to VGM with a corre-sponding reduction of 42.4% and 53.7%, respectively. It is recommended that application of 5.0 t/ha of RC or 7.5 t/ha of VGM is the most suitable for soil and water conservation.