ntroduction
Monascus pigments, which are produced by various species of
Monascus, have been used as a natural colorant and as traditional
food additives in East Asia [1]. These are also used in meat processing industry in Western countries [2]. Monascus spp. produce
a complex mixture of three categories of pigments, viz. orange,
red, and yellow, each with two components of polyketide origin. These are secondary metabolites with a common azaphilone
skeleton [3,4]. The orange pigment includes monascorubrin and
rubropunctatin, possessing the oxo-lactone ring. The red pigment
includes monascorubramine and rubropunctamine that are the
nitrogen analogues of the orange pigment. The yellow pigment
includes monascin and ankaflavin [5]. Among these pigments, the
red pigment (monascorubramine and rubropunctamine) is of high
demand, especially for its use in meat products to substitute nitrites
[2]. The red pigment is also reported to have the potential for therapeutic use particularly when produced in red rice
ntroductionMonascus pigments, which are produced by various species ofMonascus, have been used as a natural colorant and as traditionalfood additives in East Asia [1]. These are also used in meat processing industry in Western countries [2]. Monascus spp. producea complex mixture of three categories of pigments, viz. orange,red, and yellow, each with two components of polyketide origin. These are secondary metabolites with a common azaphiloneskeleton [3,4]. The orange pigment includes monascorubrin andrubropunctatin, possessing the oxo-lactone ring. The red pigmentincludes monascorubramine and rubropunctamine that are thenitrogen analogues of the orange pigment. The yellow pigmentincludes monascin and ankaflavin [5]. Among these pigments, thered pigment (monascorubramine and rubropunctamine) is of highdemand, especially for its use in meat products to substitute nitrites[2]. The red pigment is also reported to have the potential for therapeutic use particularly when produced in red rice
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