This study assessed the relation between long-term memory retrieval and
mathematics calculation and mathematics problem solving achievement among elementary,
middle, and high school students in nationally representative sample of US
students, when controlling for fluid and crystallized intelligence, short-term memory,
and processing speed. As hypothesized, structural equation modeling comparing elementary
school students and middle and high school students revealed that long-term
retrieval skills became a better predictor of both mathematics calculation and mathematics
problem solving as age and grade increased. Future research should focus on the
effectiveness of interventions to improve long-term retrieval skills in general, and
arithmetic facts retrieval and problem solving procedures in particular, at all grades,
including high school.
This study assessed the relation between long-term memory retrieval andmathematics calculation and mathematics problem solving achievement among elementary,middle, and high school students in nationally representative sample of USstudents, when controlling for fluid and crystallized intelligence, short-term memory,and processing speed. As hypothesized, structural equation modeling comparing elementaryschool students and middle and high school students revealed that long-termretrieval skills became a better predictor of both mathematics calculation and mathematicsproblem solving as age and grade increased. Future research should focus on theeffectiveness of interventions to improve long-term retrieval skills in general, andarithmetic facts retrieval and problem solving procedures in particular, at all grades,including high school.
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