Visitor use restrictions, such as special-use permits for certain recreational activities,
are very much an exception in most European protected areas. In the United States,
many efforts to cap visitor impacts are spurred by lawsuits, followed by the need for more litigation.
It remains questionable whether management frameworks provide an answer to these unsettled cases.
As such frameworks more or less do not exist in Europe, protected and recreational areas can make their decisions
without any methodological restrictions, thus providing a test bed for new, even unconventional,
methods to measure social carrying capacity or crowding.
Visitor use restrictions, such as special-use permits for certain recreational activities, are very much an exception in most European protected areas. In the United States, many efforts to cap visitor impacts are spurred by lawsuits, followed by the need for more litigation. It remains questionable whether management frameworks provide an answer to these unsettled cases. As such frameworks more or less do not exist in Europe, protected and recreational areas can make their decisions without any methodological restrictions, thus providing a test bed for new, even unconventional, methods to measure social carrying capacity or crowding.
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