in publically owned treatment works, it is important to study the contents of wastewater before it is discharged to the municipal waste stream. Further research is needed to generate a complete understanding of nanoparticle concentration and physiochemical properties in wastewater. This includes assessment of nanoparticles released froma variety of industrial sources, examining the real-world efficacy of novel premunicipal WWT methods being introduced and the development of analytical methods capable of generating essential, quantitative characterization data on mixed-nanoparticle systems in complex matrices.