Finally, cardiosurgical patients generally have less confounders and experience a shorter period of mechanical ventilation
than do medical or trauma patients. Thereby, oral antiseptics could be assumed to be more successful in the prevention of early onset compared with late onset ventilator-associated pneumonia, occurring 5 days or more after endotracheal intubation. Due to a lack of available data, however, the present review remains nconclusive on this issue.