the statistical analyses incorporated both descriptive and inferential technique. Measures of central tendency (e.p., proportions, means. standard deviations, medians, etc) were used for all descriptive analyses. In univariate analyses, student t tests for continuous data and Pearson's X2 tests for categorical data were used to determine differences in mean and proportions. In addition, for each outcome of interest, analysis of variance was used to test for differences in means between more then 2 groups, and x2 tests for trends were used to test for differences in proportions between more then 2 groups. to analyze the effect that education had on AlC values, a multilevel model for change was used. this type of analysis allows one to measure change over time while allowing the individuals to be there own controls. All models considered were adjusted for age.