In GD patients, autoantibodies directed against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) overstimulate its signaling, resulting in overproduction of thyroxine and clinical hyperthyroidism. GD patients exhibit hand tremors, insomnia, weight loss and rapid heart beat. As well, the thyroid glands of GD patients are infiltrated by T cells that respond to pMHCs derived from TSHR and other thyroid autoantigens. Sometimes autoreactive T cells of unknown specificity infiltrate the intraocular muscles and orbital tissues around the eyes of GD patients. This infiltration induces inflammation that causes these tissues to swell, resulting in a distinctive bulging of the eyes known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy.