Johnson & Johnson (1996) provide a sound theoretical basis for collaborative learning
arguing that it has been described in terms of cognitive developmental theories,
especially from a Vygotskian perspective; from behavioral learning approaches; and on
the basis of social interdependence theory. Collaboration in a seminar does allow for
scaffolding of thinking for student and provides immediacy of feedback. The behaviors
that characterize positive social interdependence include giving and receiving help,
exchanging resources and information, giving and receiving feedback, challenging and
encouraging each other, and jointly reflecting on progress and process.