Many diagnostic radiological examinations involve ionizing radiation, such as computed tomography (CT), angiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, intravenous pyelography, and plain radiographs. The biological effects of radiation can be classified into two main groups: deterministic and stochastic effects (1). Deterministic effects are radiation-induced effects that occur if exposure to radiation exceeds a certain threshold, such as skin injuries, cataracts, alopecia, and sterility. In contrast, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects, which may occur