Autonomy versus shame ano doubt (I to 3 years)
The toddler’s sense of autonomy or in dependence is shown by controlling body excretions, and directing motor activity.Children who are consis tently criticized for expressions of autonomy or for lack of control-forexampl,during toiler training-will develop a sense of shame about themselves and doubt in their abilities (figure 3-3)
INITIAVE VERSUS GUILT (3 to 6 years)
The young child initiates new activities and considers new ideas.This interest in exploring the world creates a child who is involved and busy.Constant criticism,however,leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose.
INDUSRY VERSUS INFERIOTY (6 to 12 years )
The middle years of childhood are characterized by development of new interests and by involvement in activities. The child takes pride in accomplishments in sports,school,home and community. If the child cannot accomplish what is expected,however,the result will be a sense of inferiority.
IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION (6 to 18 years )
Tn adolescence,as the boy matures and thought processes become more complex,a new sense of identity or established. The self, family,peer group,and community are all examined and redefined. The adolescent who is unable to establish a meaningful definition of self will experience confusion in one or more roles of life.
Nursing Application
Erikson’s theory is directly applicable to the nursing care of children.Health promotion and health maintenance visits in the community provide opportunities for helping caregivers meet children’s needs. Parents benefit from learning what the child’s developmental tasks are at each stage and from discussing ideas about how to encourage healthy psychosocial development. Such discussions may also highlight parental concerns and provide a forum for ressurance
About normal developmental characteristics.
The child’s usual support from family,peers,and others is interrupted by hospitalization.The chllenge of hospitalization also adds a situational crisis to the normal developmental crisis a child is experiencing . Although the nurse may meet many of the hospitalized child’s need,continued parental involvement is necessary both during and after hospitalization to ensure progression through expected dvevelopmental stages (see Table 3-3).Asking parents about the child’s developmental progression offers clues to activities and provides information about the child’s psychosocial needs during hospitalization.
Autonomy versus shame ano doubt (I to 3 years)
The toddler’s sense of autonomy or in dependence is shown by controlling body excretions, and directing motor activity.Children who are consis tently criticized for expressions of autonomy or for lack of control-forexampl,during toiler training-will develop a sense of shame about themselves and doubt in their abilities (figure 3-3)
INITIAVE VERSUS GUILT (3 to 6 years)
The young child initiates new activities and considers new ideas.This interest in exploring the world creates a child who is involved and busy.Constant criticism,however,leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose.
INDUSRY VERSUS INFERIOTY (6 to 12 years )
The middle years of childhood are characterized by development of new interests and by involvement in activities. The child takes pride in accomplishments in sports,school,home and community. If the child cannot accomplish what is expected,however,the result will be a sense of inferiority.
IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION (6 to 18 years )
Tn adolescence,as the boy matures and thought processes become more complex,a new sense of identity or established. The self, family,peer group,and community are all examined and redefined. The adolescent who is unable to establish a meaningful definition of self will experience confusion in one or more roles of life.
Nursing Application
Erikson’s theory is directly applicable to the nursing care of children.Health promotion and health maintenance visits in the community provide opportunities for helping caregivers meet children’s needs. Parents benefit from learning what the child’s developmental tasks are at each stage and from discussing ideas about how to encourage healthy psychosocial development. Such discussions may also highlight parental concerns and provide a forum for ressurance
About normal developmental characteristics.
The child’s usual support from family,peers,and others is interrupted by hospitalization.The chllenge of hospitalization also adds a situational crisis to the normal developmental crisis a child is experiencing . Although the nurse may meet many of the hospitalized child’s need,continued parental involvement is necessary both during and after hospitalization to ensure progression through expected dvevelopmental stages (see Table 3-3).Asking parents about the child’s developmental progression offers clues to activities and provides information about the child’s psychosocial needs during hospitalization.
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