There are substantial differences in industrial relations in the industrialized countries
In the U.S., collective bargaining is highly decentralized; written contracts and grievance procedures are important
In Germany, codetermination provides workers with parallel representation from unions and work councils
In Japan, enterprise unions are dominant and represent both white and blue collar workers
Disputes are settled and information exchanged through a variety of consultative procedures
Annual bonuses are an important part of compensation
There is now a trend to decentralization