Also other decoys can be engineered to change their specificity. Apart from effector target cleavage, inhibition, phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications of guarded effector targets have been reported. For example, tomato Cf-2 is a transmembrane immune receptor that perceives the interaction of the apoplastic cysteine protease Rcr3 with Avr2, a protease inhibitor produced by the fungus Cladosporium fulvum [11]. It would be interesting to investigate if the concept of decoy engineering can be extended to this perception mechanism. Likewise, the promotors of the so-called executor genes have been successfully engineered to trap unrelated TAL (Transcription-activator like) effectors produced by Xanthomonas .