Nonetheless, the models and effects considered here illustrate an important point: multiscale mathematical models are a valuable tool for furthering understanding of complex phenomena where a reductionist approach is insufficient. We have reviewed brief details of a number of important models which consider multiscale interactions and synergies which lead to overall behaviours which are potentially different from that predicted by considering the subscales only in isolation. While the contributions of these works are significant, there still remains much to do. Many of these models have raised questions rather than answering them. However, this is part of the important, iterative process between theory and exper- iment, taking account of the unique capabilities of each, which will ultimately yield greater understanding of the complex phenomena at work and thus improved therapies and treatments.