For item-recognition judgments, subjects responded on a 5-point confidence scale, with 5 indicating that they were sure it was old, 4 that it was probably old, 3 that they were guessing, 2 that it was probably new, and 1 that they were sure it was new. Studied items that received a 5 or 4 response were treated as “correct-item” recognition trials. For source-recognition judgments, subjects also responded on a 5-point scale, with 5 indicating that they were sure it was from the animacy encoding task, 4 that it was probably from the animacy task, 3 that they were guessing, 2 that it was probably from the pleasantness task, and 1 indicating that they were sure it was from the pleasantness task. “Correct source” memory trials included the items studied under the animacy encoding conditions that received 5 or 4 responses and the items studied under the pleasantness encoding conditions that received 1 or 2 responses. Guess responses were not included in the EEG analysis.