The Hawaiian experience with transgenic PRSV-resistant papaya (Gonsalves et al., 2004)
In 1992, Hawaii’s papaya industry faced economic disaster when PRSV was discovered in the Puna District of the Hawaiian Island where 95% of the state’s papaya was grown. By 1995, PRSV was widespread in Puna and the industry was in crisis. Research into developing transgenic papaya resistant to PRSV started in the late 1980s and it was not until May 1998 when two lines (‘SunUp’ and ‘Rainbow’) of transgenic papaya were commercially released. Since then, transgenic papaya has fulfilled the hope of the Hawaiian papaya industry to control PRSV and to restore the supply of papaya to nearly the level that existed before PRSV entered Puna in 1992. The resistance of the transgenic papaya allowed farmers to directly reclaim their farms without first clearing their land of all infected papaya trees. The percentage of Hawaii’s fresh papaya production produced in Puna has increased from a low of 65% in 1999 to 84% in 2002.
Challenges Facing Hawaii’s Papaya Industry
Although a major constraint to papaya production in Hawaii was eliminated with the introduction of PRSV-resistant transgenic papaya, Hawaii’s papaya industry still faces a number of challenges. They include serving the markets in Canada and Japan, the durability of the resistance of transgenic papaya, and growing non-transgenic papaya for niche markets.
Canadian and Japanese markets. Japan and Canada are large markets for the Hawaiian papaya industry. Currently, Japan accounts for 20% of Hawaii’s export market, while Canada accounts for 11%. Canada approved the import of ‘SunUp’ and ‘Rainbow’ transgenic papaya in January 2003, and transgenic papaya shipments continue to Canada. However, the sale of transgenic papaya in Japan has not yet been approved. Thus, it is critical that papaya shipments to Japan are not intermixed with transgenic papaya. Several steps are being taken to minimize mixing.
At the request of Japanese importers, Hawaii’s Department of Agriculture (HDOA) adopted an Identity Preservation Protocol that growers and shippers must adhere to in order to receive a certification letter from HDOA that accompanies the papaya shipment. This is a voluntary program. Papaya shipments with this certification are allowed to be distributed in Japan without delay during the time Japanese officials are doing spot-testing to detect transgenic papaya in imported shipments. In contrast, papaya shipments without this certificate must remain in
The Hawaiian experience with transgenic PRSV-resistant papaya (Gonsalves et al., 2004)In 1992, Hawaii’s papaya industry faced economic disaster when PRSV was discovered in the Puna District of the Hawaiian Island where 95% of the state’s papaya was grown. By 1995, PRSV was widespread in Puna and the industry was in crisis. Research into developing transgenic papaya resistant to PRSV started in the late 1980s and it was not until May 1998 when two lines (‘SunUp’ and ‘Rainbow’) of transgenic papaya were commercially released. Since then, transgenic papaya has fulfilled the hope of the Hawaiian papaya industry to control PRSV and to restore the supply of papaya to nearly the level that existed before PRSV entered Puna in 1992. The resistance of the transgenic papaya allowed farmers to directly reclaim their farms without first clearing their land of all infected papaya trees. The percentage of Hawaii’s fresh papaya production produced in Puna has increased from a low of 65% in 1999 to 84% in 2002.Challenges Facing Hawaii’s Papaya IndustryAlthough a major constraint to papaya production in Hawaii was eliminated with the introduction of PRSV-resistant transgenic papaya, Hawaii’s papaya industry still faces a number of challenges. They include serving the markets in Canada and Japan, the durability of the resistance of transgenic papaya, and growing non-transgenic papaya for niche markets.Canadian and Japanese markets. Japan and Canada are large markets for the Hawaiian papaya industry. Currently, Japan accounts for 20% of Hawaii’s export market, while Canada accounts for 11%. Canada approved the import of ‘SunUp’ and ‘Rainbow’ transgenic papaya in January 2003, and transgenic papaya shipments continue to Canada. However, the sale of transgenic papaya in Japan has not yet been approved. Thus, it is critical that papaya shipments to Japan are not intermixed with transgenic papaya. Several steps are being taken to minimize mixing.At the request of Japanese importers, Hawaii’s Department of Agriculture (HDOA) adopted an Identity Preservation Protocol that growers and shippers must adhere to in order to receive a certification letter from HDOA that accompanies the papaya shipment. This is a voluntary program. Papaya shipments with this certification are allowed to be distributed in Japan without delay during the time Japanese officials are doing spot-testing to detect transgenic papaya in imported shipments. In contrast, papaya shipments without this certificate must remain in
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