Effluent discharges from large-scale manufacturing or heavy industries, such as the oil refineries and the FIZ/FCZ complexes, including food processing industries are regulated by the Department of Environment, and have to meet specific industrial and sewerage discharge standards prescribed under the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974). The oil palm and rubber industries are licensed under two separate regulations, also under the Environmental Quality Act 1974. Although large industries are well regulated, smaller and medium industries may be exempted