Only 23.5% of participants kept the pen needle under the skin for >10 s. However, there was no relationship found between the time that the needle was kept under the skin and either the degree of leakage from the site (P = 0.121) or HbA1c (P = 0.126).
Of the 65% of participants using cloudy insulins (e.g. Neutral Protamine Hagadorn or NPH), 35% did not resuspend the insulin mixture before use. However, there was no significant correlation between a failure to resuspend cloudy insulins correctly and worsened HbA1c (P = 0.45). When participants were asked how many times they rolled their cloudy insulins, 12% reported rolling the insulin five times (12%), compared with 33% and 14% reporting that they rolled the insulin 10 and 20 times, respectively; 44% of participants rolled their