(Waters 2707). Sugar Pack™1 column was used for the analysis. Samples were filtered through 0.45 μm PTFE
membrane filters and injected to the column. The deionized water was used as the mobile phase with flow rate
of 0.5 ml min-1. The column temperature was maintained at 75°C.
The ethanol yield (g g-1) was calculated based on experimental ethanol produced and expressed as g
ethanol per total g of sugar utilised (Eq. 1) and the fermentation efficiency or theoretical ethanol yield (%) was
calculated based on the ratio of ethanol yield obtained against theoretical maximum ethanol yield (Eq. 2). The
ethanol productivity was calculated based on ethanol produced against fermentation time (Eq. 3)