we see a resurgence of smallholder interest in the crop. The number of smallholders has grown at double-digit rates in the past decade but, given the preferences of the powerful government-agribusiness alliance for plantations, policies are more focused on returns on capital than on farmer livelihoods. Smallholders are not opposed to oil palm but seek inclusion in its economy on positive terms. This means government recognition of their land rights and support in obtaining technical advice, high-quality seedlings and fertilisers.