The clinical evolution of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs is largely influenced by the host’s individual
immune response. Few studies have investigated the time course and clinical evolution of the infection
both under experimental and natural conditions. In the present investigation, the time course of L.
infantum infection was studied by monitoring clinical and laboratory features in naturally infected dogs
sheltered in southern Italy. Twenty-three dogs that had one or more positive diagnostic tests for L. infantum
were enrolled in the study and followed up every 4 months. A clinical score was assigned at each visit
after assessing the presence of clinical signs suggestive of leishmaniosis. L. infantum-infected dogs were
classified into three different categories based on their clinical score and serological and parasitological
test results. Based on data from diagnostic tests and clinical scores, the time course of infection was
defined as transient asymptomatic infection (11 dogs), persistent asymptomatic infection (2 dogs), and
symptomatic infection (8 dogs). Two dogs were lost after the first sand fly season. The results of the present
study provide a framework for assessing the clinical status of L. infantum infection in dogs and suggest
that infected animals should be monitored over time to expedite therapeutic decisions and plan appropriate
control interventions.