It is not uncommon for members to withhold information, as Joe did, with the result that the group spends time inefficiently. Obviously, this has a number of unfortunate implications, not the least of which is the toll on the self-esteem of the withholding member who knows he or she is being duplicitous-acting in bad faith toward the other members. Often group leader do not know the extent to which a member is withholding, but (as I discuss in chapter 14) as soon as they begin doing combined therapy (that is, treating