5 Vulnerable livelihood group profiles................................................................................................. 53
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 53
5.2 Process of selecting livelihood groups for profiling.................................................................... 53
5.3 The analytical framework for profiling livelihoods..................................................................... 56
5.4 Evaluation of livelihood assets .................................................................................................... 57
5.5 Livelihood profile of “small and marginal farmers” ................................................................... 59
5.6 Livelihood profile of “wage labourers” ....................................................................................... 64
5.7 Livelihood profile of “petty traders/businessmen” ...................................................................... 69
5.8 Livelihood profile of “fishers (fishermen/fish traders/fishing labours)” ..................................... 73
5.9 Least vulnerable groups: “large businessmen” ............................................................................ 77
5.10 Leastvulnerablegroups:“largefarmers”....................................................................................80
5.11 Climatevariationsandgenderspecificvulnerabilities................................................................81
6 Review of literature on adaptation and coping strategies ............................................................... 83
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 83
6.2 A synoptic review of existing studies on climatic adaptation in Bangladesh.............................. 83
6.2.1 Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change for Bangladesh (Ahmed, AU et al:
1998, Kluwer).................................................................................................................. 83
6.2.2 Bangladesh: Climate Change & Sustainable Development (World Bank: 2000)........... 84
6.2.3 Reducing Vulnerabilities to Climate Change (RVCC: 2002-2005) ................................ 84
6.2.4 Final Report of National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA): Preparing for
Future (MOEF: November 2005). .................................................................................. 85
6.2.5 Bangladesh National Dialogue on Water and Climate: Report in Local Level
Consultative Meeting by IUCN (July 2004) .................................................................... 87
7 Adaptive responses and coping strategies in the study area ........................................................... 91
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 91
7.2 A free listing of local level adaptive responses identified (prioritized)....................................... 91
7.3 Classification of local level adaptive responses .......................................................................... 92
7.4 Description of some local adaptive responses ............................................................................. 92
7.4.1 Traditional responses ...................................................................................................... 92
7.4.2 State supported responses ............................................................................................... 95
7.4.3 Alternative responses ...................................................................................................... 97
7.4.4 Domestic responses ......................................................................................................... 99
7.4.5 Socio-economic adaptive responses .............................................................................. 100
7.4.6 Adaptive responses by livelihood groups ...................................................................... 101
7.4.7 Local energy uses and sources: a glimpse into local level ‘mitigation’ scopes............ 102
8 Institutional
Assessment ................................................................................................................... 107
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 107
8.2 Institutional presence ................................................................................................................. 107
8.2.1 Government agencies .................................................................................................... 107
8.2.2 NGOs and private institutions ....................................................................................... 109
8.2.3 Social, informal and private institutions ....................................................................... 110
8.2.4 Farmers/water user groups ........................................................................................... 111
8.3 Coordination mechanism: institutional linkages vertical and horizontal................................... 112
8.4 Status of disaster management and institutions at local level.................................................... 113
8.5 Suggestions for improvements identified by agencies .............................................................. 115
8.6 Synergic conclusions of institutional domain............................................................................ 116
9 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 119
9.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 119
9.2 Recommendations and implications .......................................................................................... 121