Closely related, the sites of collective decision making are increasingly differentiated. In the developed democracies, markets and market-oriented entities are likely to continue to function as the dynamic sources of change. Governments are increasingly agile
at channeling market forces and incentives, as are civil society organizations. In many cases, these developments dramatically shift the locus of collective decisions away from state- centric models of planning—those that can gather, as it were, sovereignty from the people in order to act in their name—and toward governance models. These issue-based and policy-driven networks of government actors and stakeholders are often more effective than bureaucracies accountable to legislatures, but they lack formal legitimacy and clear representative accountability to those affected by decisions.The landscape of democratic representation is also clouded by the growing complexity of issues, which increasingly strains the powers of representative agents, and thus their capacities to stand for and act on the interests of those they represent. There is the familiar technical and scientific complexity that comes with the vast amounts of information and high levels of technology involved in most pub- lic decisions (Zolo 1992, Brown 2006, Beck 1997), which is often compounded by the political complexity that comes with multiple and overlapping constituencies (Andeweg 2003).
As a consequence of these developments, the standard account has been stretched to the breaking point. Among the most fundamental of problems, ironically, is the very element that ushered in democratic representation— residency-based electoral representation. The claim of any state to represent its citizens— its claim to sovereignty on behalf of the people—is contestable, not because states do not encompass peoples, but because collective issues only partially admit of this kind of constituency definition. Electoral representation continues to provide an ultimate reference for state power. But whereas Burke (1968, cf. Manin 1997) imagined that representatives could monopolize considered opinion about public purpose through the use of deliberative judgment, representative assemblies to- day must reach ever further to gather political legitimacy for their decisions. Judging by the declining trust in governments generally and legislative bodies in particular, representative claims based on territorial constituencies (under the standard model) continue to weaken (Pharr & Putnam 2000, Dalton 2004). Electoral representation remains crucial in constituting the will of the people, but the claims of elected officials to act in the name of the people are increasingly segmented by issues and subject to broader contestation and deliberation by actors and entities that likewise make representative claims. Political judgments that were once linked to state sovereignty through electoral representation are now much more widely dispersed, and the spaces for representative claims and dis- courses are now relatively wide open (Urbinati 2006). In complex and broadly democratic societies, representation is a target of competing claims.
Closely related, the sites of collective decision making are increasingly differentiated. In the developed democracies, markets and market-oriented entities are likely to continue to function as the dynamic sources of change. Governments are increasingly agileat channeling market forces and incentives, as are civil society organizations. In many cases, these developments dramatically shift the locus of collective decisions away from state- centric models of planning—those that can gather, as it were, sovereignty from the people in order to act in their name—and toward governance models. These issue-based and policy-driven networks of government actors and stakeholders are often more effective than bureaucracies accountable to legislatures, but they lack formal legitimacy and clear representative accountability to those affected by decisions.The landscape of democratic representation is also clouded by the growing complexity of issues, which increasingly strains the powers of representative agents, and thus their capacities to stand for and act on the interests of those they represent. There is the familiar technical and scientific complexity that comes with the vast amounts of information and high levels of technology involved in most pub- lic decisions (Zolo 1992, Brown 2006, Beck 1997), which is often compounded by the political complexity that comes with multiple and overlapping constituencies (Andeweg 2003).เป็นลำดับของการพัฒนาเหล่านี้ บัญชีมาตรฐานได้ถูกยืดขยายออกไปแบ่ง ผู้ที่พื้นฐานที่สุดของปัญหา แดกดัน เป็นองค์ประกอบมากที่ ushered ในประชาธิปไตยแสดง — ตามซี่เป็นตัวแทนที่เลือกตั้ง เรียกร้องของรัฐใดจะเป็นตัวแทนของประชาชน — เรียกร้องเพื่ออำนาจอธิปไตยในนามของคน — เป็น contestable ไม่ได้ เพราะอเมริการอบคน แต่เนื่อง จากปัญหารวมยอมรับเพียงบางส่วนของคำจำกัดความซึ่งตนชนิดนี้ ตัวแทนเลือกตั้งยังคงมีการอ้างอิงที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับการใช้อำนาจรัฐ แต่ในขณะที่ลิตี้เบอร์ก (1968, cf. ลักซ์ 1997) จินตนาการว่า พนักงานสามารถ monopolize พิจารณาความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับวัตถุประสงค์สาธารณะโดยใช้คำพิพากษาที่อภิปราย แอสเซมบลีพนักงานต่อวันต้องถึงเคยติดรวบรวมชอบธรรมทางการเมืองสำหรับการตัดสินใจของพวกเขา ตัดสิน โดยคำนวณความน่าเชื่อถือในรัฐบาลโดยทั่วไปและร่างกายสภาโดยเฉพาะ เรียกร้องพนักงานยึดดินแดนชุมชน (ภายใต้รูปแบบมาตรฐาน) ต่อโรย (Pharr & Putnam 2000, 2004 ดาลตัน) เลือกตั้งการแสดงยังคงสำคัญในค่าของคน แต่การเรียกร้องของเจ้าหน้าที่ที่ได้รับเลือกให้ทำในคนมีมากขึ้นถูกแบ่งเป็นช่วงปัญหา และ contestation กว้างขึ้นและเสนอ โดยนักแสดงและหน่วยงานที่ให้พนักงานเรียกร้องในทำนองเดียวกัน คำพิพากษาทางการเมืองที่ถูกเชื่อมโยงกับอำนาจอธิปไตยของรัฐผ่านการเลือกตั้งการแสดงครั้ง ขณะนี้อย่างกว้างขวางมากขึ้นออก และช่องว่างสำหรับพนักงานร้องเรียนและหลักสูตรหรือไม่??ก็กว้างค่อนข้างเปิด (Urbinati 2006) ในสังคมประชาธิปไตยอย่างกว้างขวาง และซับซ้อน แสดงเป็นเป้าหมายของการเรียกร้องแข่งขัน
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Closely related, the sites of collective decision making are increasingly differentiated. In the developed democracies, markets and market-oriented entities are likely to continue to function as the dynamic sources of change. Governments are increasingly agile
at channeling market forces and incentives, as are civil society organizations. In many cases, these developments dramatically shift the locus of collective decisions away from state- centric models of planning—those that can gather, as it were, sovereignty from the people in order to act in their name—and toward governance models. These issue-based and policy-driven networks of government actors and stakeholders are often more effective than bureaucracies accountable to legislatures, but they lack formal legitimacy and clear representative accountability to those affected by decisions.The landscape of democratic representation is also clouded by the growing complexity of issues, which increasingly strains the powers of representative agents, and thus their capacities to stand for and act on the interests of those they represent. There is the familiar technical and scientific complexity that comes with the vast amounts of information and high levels of technology involved in most pub- lic decisions (Zolo 1992, Brown 2006, Beck 1997), which is often compounded by the political complexity that comes with multiple and overlapping constituencies (Andeweg 2003).
As a consequence of these developments, the standard account has been stretched to the breaking point. Among the most fundamental of problems, ironically, is the very element that ushered in democratic representation— residency-based electoral representation. The claim of any state to represent its citizens— its claim to sovereignty on behalf of the people—is contestable, not because states do not encompass peoples, but because collective issues only partially admit of this kind of constituency definition. Electoral representation continues to provide an ultimate reference for state power. But whereas Burke (1968, cf. Manin 1997) imagined that representatives could monopolize considered opinion about public purpose through the use of deliberative judgment, representative assemblies to- day must reach ever further to gather political legitimacy for their decisions. Judging by the declining trust in governments generally and legislative bodies in particular, representative claims based on territorial constituencies (under the standard model) continue to weaken (Pharr & Putnam 2000, Dalton 2004). Electoral representation remains crucial in constituting the will of the people, but the claims of elected officials to act in the name of the people are increasingly segmented by issues and subject to broader contestation and deliberation by actors and entities that likewise make representative claims. Political judgments that were once linked to state sovereignty through electoral representation are now much more widely dispersed, and the spaces for representative claims and dis- courses are now relatively wide open (Urbinati 2006). In complex and broadly democratic societies, representation is a target of competing claims.
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