-we believe in natural selection as the ultimate explanation for why things are the way they are.
-natural forces are the only forces directing the development of life
-Depend on the idea that a supernatural force has had a hand in shaping or guiding the development of life on Earth
-Scientists start by assuming that only natural forces which we can observe today and know must have been involved are involved. This is what is called in statistical arguments a null hypothesis.
-The historical development of biological anthropology. Beginning with the 18th century, pre-anthropology in the age of enlightenment. It was in Europe in the 18th century
-Many of the early physical anthropologists were anatomists, physicians, philosophers or otherwise just interested in people. In Germany and France, physical anthropology was taught through medical institutions,and through medical studies.