Here, however, we draw attention to the important changes in representative institutions. These changes began with the adoption and extension of universal suffrage, which generated new forms of political life within society, in turn altering the nature and functions of representative institutions. Dahl’s (2003) comment on the US case goes precisely to this point. “Even if some of the Framers leaned more toward the idea of an aristocratic republic than a democratic republic, they soon discovered that under the leadership of James Madison, among others, Americans would rapidly undertake to create a more democratic republic” (pp. 5–6). Given the comp lexand evolving landscape of democracy, however, neither the standard model of representation nor the participatory ideal can encompass the democratic ideal of inclusion of all affected by collective decisions. To move closer to this ideal, we shall need complex forms of representation—electoral representation and its various territorially based cousins, self authorized representation, and new forms of representation that are capable of representing latent interests, transnational issues, broad values, and discursive positions.