The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate a phytoremediation
process with attached growth using Typha sp. for domestic
wastewater treatment, (b) to determine the effect of TDS and Cu
metal concentrations on the treatment performance and the
morphological characteristics in botanical aspects, (c) to determine
the role of plant and microbial biofilms in phytoremediation. These
assessments will allow us to better explore the potential for using
the constructed phytoremediation with attached growth by
selecting appropriate plant species under the variety of influent
conditions compared to conventional processes.