To participate in this study, immigrant women had to be mar- ried to a Korean man and had been living in the country for less than 10 years. Study participants' countries of origin included the Philippines, China, Japan, Vietnam, Mongolia, Thailand, and other Asian countries. Married female immigrants living in Korea for more than 10 years were not included because immigrants largely maintain the same health status as before during the first 5 years after immigration. However, immigrants appear to be assimilated to the health of the local population within approximately 10 years [35]. Married immigrants from the United States and developed European countries were also excluded from the study based on previous research, in that their health-related characteristics, including disease rates and subjective health, are distinct from those found in married immigrants who were from developing countries