PDG-enriched shortenings and CS were evaluated for their
baking performances in Madeira cakes. Madeira cakes were
baked according to the method described by NorAini et al.
[2]. Table 3 shows the formulation of Madeira cake.
Firstly, 142 g of flour was mixed with shortening using a
mixer (KitchenAid, USA) at speed 3 for 5 min. Following
that, sugar was heated with water to form a syrup solution.
Eggs were then beaten and added to the cooled syrup solution
together with coloring and flavoring. The resultant mixture
was added to the aerated mixture of flour and shortening and
mixed for 30 s at speed 1. Dry ingredients including the
remaining 333 g of flour, salt, baking powder, and skimmed
milk powder were mixed until homogenous. The homogenous
dry ingredients were then added into the batter
and mixed at speed 2 for 3 min. After each 1.5 min of mixing,
the side of the mixing bowl was scrapped. Finally, the batter
was placed into round cake baking tins (155 mm id) which
was lined with greaseproof paper and baked in electric heated
deck oven (Murni Bakery Equipment Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia) at 1808C for 45 min. Baking performances for each PDGenriched
shortening were conducted in triplicate. Once the
cakes were baked and sufficiently cooled, their volumes were
measured and calculated according to rapeseed displacement
method [14]. Firstly, the tapped bulk density of rapeseeds is
determined by filling a glass container of known volume
uniformly with rapeseed through tapping and smoothing
the surface with a ruler. Then, the sample and rapeseeds
are placed together into the container. The container is again
tapped and the surface is smoothed with a ruler. Tapping and
smoothing is continued until constant weight is reached
between consecutive measurements.