Forty years ago a group of students hoping to make a bit of holiday money turned up at a basement in Stanford University, California, for what was to become one of the most notorious experiments in the study of human psychology.
The idea was simple - take a group of volunteers, tell half of them they are prisoners, the other half prison wardens, place them in a makeshift jail and watch what happens.
The Stanford prison experiment was supposed to last two weeks but was ended abruptly just six days later, after a string of mental breakdowns, an outbreak of sadism and a hunger strike.
"The first day they came there it was a little prison set up in a basement with fake cell doors and by the second day it was a real prison created in the minds of each prisoner, each guard and also of the staff," said Philip Zimbardo, the psychologist leading the experiment.
The volunteers had answered an advertisement in a local paper and both physical and psychological tests were done to make sure only the strongest took part.
Despite their uniforms and mirrored sunglasses, the guards struggled to get into character and at first Prof Zimbardo's team thought they might have to abandon the project.
'Very cruel guard'
As it turned out, they did not have to wait long.
"After the first day I noticed nothing was happening. It was a bit of a bore, so I made the decision I would take on the persona of a very cruel prison guard," said Dave Eshleman, one of the wardens who took a lead role.
The experiment took place in California in 1971
At the same time the prisoners, referred to only by their numbers and treated harshly, rebelled and blockaded themselves inside their cells.
The guards saw this as a challenge to their authority, broke up the demonstration and began to impose their will.
"Suddenly, the whole dynamic changed as they believed they were dealing with dangerous prisoners, and at that point it was no longer an experiment," said Prof Zimbardo.
It began by stripping them naked, putting bags over their heads, making them do press-ups or other exercises and humiliating them.
"The most effective thing they did was simply interrupt sleep, which is a known torture technique," said Clay Ramsey, one of the prisoners.
"What was demanded of me physically was way too much and I also felt that there was really nobody rational at the wheel of this thing so I started refusing food."
Power of situations
He was put in the janitor's cupboard - solitary confinement - and the other prisoners were punished because of his actions. It became a very stressful situation.
Dave Eshleman, who played the role of a prison guard said the experiment rapidly spun out of control
"It was rapidly spiralling out of control," said prison guard Mr Eshleman who hid behind his mirrored sunglasses and a southern US accent.
"I kept looking for the limits - at what point would they stop me and say 'No, this is only an experiment and I have had enough', but I don't think I ever reached that point."
Prof Zimbardo recalled a long list of prisoners who had breakdowns and had to leave the experiment. One even developed a psychosomatic all-over body rash.
The lead researcher had also been sucked into the experiment and had lost clarity.
"The experiment was the right thing to do, the wrong thing was to let it go past the second day," he said.
สี่สิบปีที่ผ่านมากลุ่มนักเรียนเพื่อหวังให้สนุกฮอลิเดย์เปิดที่ชั้นใต้ดินในมหาวิทยาลัยสแตนฟอร์ด รัฐแคลิฟอร์เนีย สำหรับสิ่งที่จะกลายเป็นการทดลองที่อื้อฉาวที่สุดในการศึกษาของจิตวิทยามนุษย์ความคิดนำ- ใช้กลุ่มอาสาสมัคร บอกครึ่งของพวกเขาเป็นนักโทษ wardens คุกครึ่งอื่น ๆ วางพวกเขาในคุกติด และดูสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นสแตนฟอร์ดคุกทดลองถึงสองสัปดาห์ แต่สิ้นสุดทันทีเพียงหกวันต่อมา หลังจากสายอักขระแบ่งจิต การระบาดของซาดิสม์ และตีความหิว"วันแรกที่พวกเขามามีก็ตั้งในชั้นใต้ดินมีเซลล์ปลอมประตูคุกเล็กน้อย และวันที่สอง มันถูกสร้างขึ้นในจิตใจของแต่ละนักโทษ เรือนจำจริงยามแต่ละ และยัง บริการ, " กล่าวว่า ฟิลิป Zimbardo จิตวิทยาการทดลองชั้นนำอาสาสมัครได้ตอบลงโฆษณาในให้ และทดสอบทั้งทางกายภาพ และจิตใจทำให้แน่ใจว่าเอาส่วนเฉพาะรัดกุมที่สุดแม้ มีเครื่องแบบของพวกเขาและมิเรอร์แว่นตากันแดด ยามต่อสู้จะได้รับในอักขระ และที่คิดว่าทีมของ Zimbardo ศาสตราจารย์แรก พวกเขาอาจต้องยกเลิกโครงการ'ยามโหดร้ายมาก'มันเปิดออกมา พวกเขาไม่ได้จะต้องรอนาน"หลังจากครั้งแรก วันที่สังเกตเห็นไม่ได้เกิดขึ้น มันเป็นบิตของกระบอกสูบ เพื่อทำการตัดสินใจที่ฉันใช้บนตัวของผู้ดูแลเรือนจำที่โหดร้ายมาก กล่าวว่า Dave Eshleman, wardens ผู้นำอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่งThe experiment took place in California in 1971 At the same time the prisoners, referred to only by their numbers and treated harshly, rebelled and blockaded themselves inside their cells.The guards saw this as a challenge to their authority, broke up the demonstration and began to impose their will."Suddenly, the whole dynamic changed as they believed they were dealing with dangerous prisoners, and at that point it was no longer an experiment," said Prof Zimbardo.It began by stripping them naked, putting bags over their heads, making them do press-ups or other exercises and humiliating them."The most effective thing they did was simply interrupt sleep, which is a known torture technique," said Clay Ramsey, one of the prisoners."What was demanded of me physically was way too much and I also felt that there was really nobody rational at the wheel of this thing so I started refusing food."Power of situationsHe was put in the janitor's cupboard - solitary confinement - and the other prisoners were punished because of his actions. It became a very stressful situation.Dave Eshleman, who played the role of a prison guard said the experiment rapidly spun out of control "It was rapidly spiralling out of control," said prison guard Mr Eshleman who hid behind his mirrored sunglasses and a southern US accent."I kept looking for the limits - at what point would they stop me and say 'No, this is only an experiment and I have had enough', but I don't think I ever reached that point."Prof Zimbardo recalled a long list of prisoners who had breakdowns and had to leave the experiment. One even developed a psychosomatic all-over body rash.The lead researcher had also been sucked into the experiment and had lost clarity."The experiment was the right thing to do, the wrong thing was to let it go past the second day," he said.
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