Finally, the image was binarised after applying a grey-scale threshold. The total cell area within the crumb (%), cell area (mm2) and cell circularity were analysed; the total cell area within the crumb was calculated as (total area of cells/total crumb area)100. Three cakes from each batter were measured, and all the formulations were repeated with a second set of batters. Thus,the data were obtained by measuring cells in twelve different images for each formulation.