The past decade has seen powerful ground- and space-based techniques applied to the investigation of the composition of outer solar system bodies, including the spectacular measurements of He/H, isotope ratios, and noble gas abundances in the jovian atmosphere by the Galileo probe; improved deuterium and trace species measurements in the atmospheres of the giant planets and Titan; and first detection of absorption features on the surface of a Kuiper Belt object. In this chapter we review the new observations and discuss how they constrain the composition of primordial reservoirs supplying material to the giant planets, their moons, and other outer solar system bodies. Planned or anticipated planetary missions in the next decade, along with improved ground-based capability on giant telescopes, will enable models of the early evolution of the outer solar system to be tested and improved, ultimately to provide a picture of how the four giant planets and their moons came to be.
The past decade has seen powerful ground- and space-based techniques applied to the investigation of the composition of outer solar system bodies, including the spectacular measurements of He/H, isotope ratios, and noble gas abundances in the jovian atmosphere by the Galileo probe; improved deuterium and trace species measurements in the atmospheres of the giant planets and Titan; and first detection of absorption features on the surface of a Kuiper Belt object. In this chapter we review the new observations and discuss how they constrain the composition of primordial reservoirs supplying material to the giant planets, their moons, and other outer solar system bodies. Planned or anticipated planetary missions in the next decade, along with improved ground-based capability on giant telescopes, will enable models of the early evolution of the outer solar system to be tested and improved, ultimately to provide a picture of how the four giant planets and their moons came to be.
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