Community composition and species-richness were related to measures of climate, stand structure and deadwood (snags, logs and stumps). Plantations had a less species-rich lichen flora than semi-natural stands related to reduced light availability and lack of old trees. Bryophyte species-richness was similar in plantations and semi-natural stands, and was positively correlated with large diameter (>20 cm), well-decayed logs and stumps.