Alternatively, HIV-positive couples may perceive condoms to be irrelevant because reinfection has not been empirically proved and may be extremely rare (NASTAD, 1999). Because these relationships are monogamous, the risk of introducing HIV, hepatitis, or other STDs is small. If one or the other partners commits infidelity, however, then UAI within such a relationship can be very risky. Because UAI is rooted in love, trust, and intimacy, behavior change in this group is highly unlikely—just as in heterosexual couples. The pleasure of UAI acts to reinforce this behavior in this group (Kelly and Kalichman, 1998).