There is increasing interest in the use of biomass as a renewable
energy source because of increasing oil prices and the effect of fossil
fuel burning on climate change [1]. However, use of sugarcane,
plant starches, and plant oils as energy sources can inflate the
prices of agricultural commodities. Thus, there are many advantages
of using lignocellulosic materials, inedible biomass that is not
a food source [2e5]. Empty palm fruit bunches (EFB) are a potential
source of lignocellulosic materials because they are a readily
available and low-cost residual by-product of the palm oil industry
that consist of about 39.5% cellulose, 17.3% hemicellulose, 28.8%
lignin, 10.3% extractives, and 3.8% ash [6].
However, in contrast to starch- and sugar-based biomass sources,
more complex physical, chemical, or biological processes are
needed to prepare lignocellulosic biomasses [7e9]. In particular,
saccharification to fermentable sugars is usually carried out by
There is increasing interest in the use of biomass as a renewable
energy source because of increasing oil prices and the effect of fossil
fuel burning on climate change [1]. However, use of sugarcane,
plant starches, and plant oils as energy sources can inflate the
prices of agricultural commodities. Thus, there are many advantages
of using lignocellulosic materials, inedible biomass that is not
a food source [2e5]. Empty palm fruit bunches (EFB) are a potential
source of lignocellulosic materials because they are a readily
available and low-cost residual by-product of the palm oil industry
that consist of about 39.5% cellulose, 17.3% hemicellulose, 28.8%
lignin, 10.3% extractives, and 3.8% ash [6].
However, in contrast to starch- and sugar-based biomass sources,
more complex physical, chemical, or biological processes are
needed to prepare lignocellulosic biomasses [7e9]. In particular,
saccharification to fermentable sugars is usually carried out by
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