2.2. Gluten washing Ib is wheat flour (200 g) was mixed with 120 g of tap water and allowed to rest for 15 min. Then, the dough ball was gently knea-ded, placed in a 500-ml beaker full of tap water at ambient temperature, and allowed to stand for 5 min. This step was repeatedthree times. Afterwards, the remaining starch was continuously washed out under running tap water until the dough ball mass had approximately reduced to 16e18% of the initial mass. The doughball was then freeze-dried, ground, and used for hydrolysis. The average crude protein and water content of the self-washed Ib is gluten were 86.6±1.1% and 1.9±0.2%, respectively