Constitutive expression of a V. vinifera WRKY1(VvWRKY1) transcription factor gene in ‘41B’ rootstock plantletsresulted in activation of regulatory genes in the jasmonic acidpathway and upregulation of several defense related proteins. Areduction in downy mildew symptoms caused by Plasmopora viti-cola was observed on in vitro-derived genetically modified plantleaves compared to the controls, when inoculated under simi-lar conditions [79]. Other non-grapevine derived genes such aslytic peptides encoding magainin and polygalactouranase inhibi-ting proteins (PGIP) were demonstrated to improve fungal diseaseresistance