Throughout your experiments whenever electric circuits have to be built, ''breadboard'' will be used for component mounting and creating artificial wired connections. A breadboard is comprised of grid of small, contact squares which are internally connected (i.e., short circuited) within a column or row (see Figure 5). specifically, all contacts in the individual rows r1, r2, r3 and r4 are short circuited. In a similar manner, all contacts in the individual columns c1 through c29 and c1 through 29 are short circuited. the terminals of various components (resistors, capacitors, op-amps, etc.) are attached to the contacts through a plug-in procedure. For example, Figure 5 shows a resistor that has been connected in cascade with a capacitor. Although the resistor and capacitor terminals are not in direct contact, they share contacts within the same column c11. This implies that there is a wired junction between their terminals.