These papers exclusively study empty repositioning of loading units. However, none of them includes uncertainty or disruption
(at locations or on the routes) into account. Di Francesco, Lai, and Zuddas (2013) study the effect of partial or complete port disruption
in empty container repositioning in a liner shipping system. They model it as a time–space representation and consider a set
of different disruption scenarios. They also include some nonanticipativity conditions to equalize the here-and-now decision
variables over all scenarios. Di Francesco et al. (2013) test all combinations of a problem including 5 locations (2 hubs), a 50 period
rolling horizon scheme, 2 (normal and disrupted) scenarios, and