Misuse of phosphine has also led to more phosphine resistance of pests in stored products (Chaudhry, 1997). Therefore,
it is valuable to conduct more tests to demonstrate whether pure phosphine gas with or without CA could be utilized as an alternative to MB for insect disinfestation of horticultural products. In this research, toxicity of phosphine with different concentrations and exposure durations, and synergistic effects of CA to phosphine