Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMD) by Chóliz (2012)
Chóliz (2012) sought to develop a questionnaire to assess mobile phone dependence
among adolescents. Taking the DSM-IV-TR criteria for dependence as the basis, the author
created a 101-item dependence questionnaire. This initial questionnaire was piloted with 542
students, which resulted in a 46-item penultimate questionnaire for mobile phone dependence.
This 46-item questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,944 adolescents. After this study,
the final version of the questionnaire contained 22 items. The final version of the 22-item (5-
point rating scale) questionnaire was administered to a sample of 347 adolescents to check for its
construct validity by examining its relationship with MPDQ (Toda et al., 2006). The results of
the exploratory factor analysis with principal components extraction revealed a three-factor
solution. These factors were named abstinence, lack of control and problems derived from use,
and tolerance and interference with other activities. The questionnaire had excellent internal
consistency (α = .94). Also, the scores on TMD were strongly correlated with the scores on
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MPDQ, r = .857, p < .01. The results of the statistical analyses showed that TMD produced valid
and reliable scores.