To better illustrate the mechanisms around SARA and its
involvement in the disruption of the host’s inner homeostasis leading
to activation of acute-phase response (APR), a model is proposed
in Fig. 2. The diagram of Fig. 2 indicates that the host is
equipped with multiple tools to abolish the release and translocation
of endotoxin during long episodes of SARA. Due to the disruption
of cell-to-cell SSE junction structures (described in details in
the Sections above), endotoxin translocates into the portal blood
and lymphatic fluid (Fig. 2). Various receptors of immune cells are
involved in the innate immune recognition (pattern recognition
receptors) of the endotoxin, among which Toll-like receptor
(TLR)-4 have been shown to play an important role