hardware over time while engaging also in more digital networking—raising “domestic ICT productivity”—one might assume that internet-based value-added of private house- holds in many countries could still rise and one cannot rule out that even up to 20 % of user time of households in some countries is hidden digital value-added. If cities offer free WIFI (as is happening in some countries) this might be considered to be stimulating the expansion of ICT networks, however, it could also be an incentive for students and pupils to learn faster and thereby become more productive in the use of the existing regional or local ICT capital stock.