Hardy's 2007 work supported the concept that "inappropriate use of selfpunishment
strategies coupled with an inefficient dosage of self-set reward could have an
adverse effect on a manager's ability to perform" (p. 2). Hardy's research echoed previous work in which "researchers have pointed out that too much self-criticism and
guilt can be a detriment to performance. Moreover, previous studies have suggested that
the practice of self-punishment can deplete the energy needed to accomplish goals" (p.
3). As an outcome, Hardy recommended using the Houghton and Neck questionnaire,
explaining: