The study’s first independent variable is the use of reading strategies. This
variable consists of three subscale variables:
Planning strategies (before reading), such as setting a purpose for reading, guessing what
the text will be about, and finding the suitable environment.
Attending strategies (while reading), such as keeping concentration focused, preventing
procrastination, and engaging with the text.
Evaluating strategies (after reading), such as judging the consistency of the new
information, modifying and evaluating new learning, and linking new learning with
existing knowledge.
The only dependent variable in this study is students’ reading comprehension in English
as a foreign language.