Managerial role, style, and processes (leadership, vision, empowerment, enabling,
participation). Participative management requires leadership that reflects system
thinking,that motivates and does not depend on superiority and subordination for its
influence but respects employees and encourages them to take the initiative and seek new
responsibilities and solutions. Management processes are powerful determinants of
organizational culture. If strategy, plans, budgets, goals, decisions, and feedback remain
authoritarian, the organization’s culture can not be participative.